Khi bạn đọc một bài đọc để lấy thông tin hay kiểm tra, bạn sẽ gặp một số từ vựng bạn không nắm được, việc đoán nghĩa từ vựng sẽ giúp bạn hiểu và nắm bắt vấn đề tốt hơn. Nói thì nói vậy, nhưng làm sao để đoán được nghĩa của từ? Trong bài này, chúng ta sẽ tìm hiểu về những cách có thể giúp chúng ta đoán ra nghĩa của từ vựng nhé.
Trước khi bắt đầu thầy xin nói luôn là những phương pháp dưới đây sẽ rất hữu ích cho các bạn sau này. Tuy nhiên, việc đoán được từ vựng hay không còn tùy vào lượng từ vựng bạn có sẵn, khả năng suy luận, và độ khó của bài nữa.
OK chưa? Bắt đầu thôi. Nếu bạn lỡ vào đây mà không thích bài viết này thì bạn tham khảo qua chuyên đề Luyện Thi Đại Học Môn Tiếng Anh hoặc Tự Học Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh nhé.
Đoán Nghĩa Từ Vựng
Từ vựng giống như xăng vậy, nếu ví việc học như việc đi xe. Không có xăng thì không cần bàn nhiều đến máy móc động cơ. Khi đọc tiếng Anh, có 3 cách chính để chúng ta có thể đoán ra nét nghĩa của từ vựng:
- Dùng dữ kiện bài cho
- Xem xét suffix của từ
- Nghiên cứu ngữ cảnh
Structural Clues
Cách đầu tiên ta có thể dùng là sử dụng là tận dụng những dữ kiện đề bài cho. Những dữ kiện này ở dạng NGỮ PHÁP. Chúng ta cùng xem qua một ví dụ từ một bài đọc khó nha. Các bạn đừng lo. Vì ví dụ có thầy làm cùng nên thầy lấy bài khó chứ chút nữa bài các bạn làm sẽ dễ hơn. Nhưng sẽ khó dần dần hén. Các bạn đừng quên học từ vựng đi kèm theo từng bài luôn.
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century is behaviorism – the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, that is, the kind of thinking occurring to you when you are awake or asleep, which is not. Probably the best-known proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who is famous for his research on how positive and negative reinforcement influence behavior. He came to believe that positive reinforcement such as praise, food, or money was more effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment.
The question:
- In ‘behaviorism’ in line 1, the psychologist is concerned with
a. A believe
b. A psychologist
c. A school of thought
d. Observable behavior
Use Punctuation
Trong câu người ta đang hỏi “behaviorism” là gì. Các bạn để ý khi hỏi một từ khó người ta sẽ cung cấp dữ kiện ở phía sau. Và dữ kiện đó trong trường hợp này nằm sau dấu dash (-): “the belief…” (niềm tin / ý tưởng / lý tưởng / hệ tư tưởng).
Từ dữ kiện này ta có thể loại bỏ “A – sai chính tả,” “B – chỉ người,” “D – hành động.” Vậy cho dù chưa biết behaviorism là gì nhưng chúng ta thấy được nó gần nghĩa nhất với câu C (trương suy nghĩ). Đáp án là câu C.
Dash (-) không phải là dấu câu (punctuation) duy nhất. Chúng ta còn có thể thấy được dữ kiện giải thích nếu chúng ta thấy:
- Dấu Dash (-)
- Comma (,)
- Semicolon (;)
- Brackets () [ ] { }
- Và một số dữ kiện về cấu trúc ngữ pháp: Relative Clause, Participial Clause.
- The phrase ‘conscious’ in line 3 is the closest meaning to:
a. Sleep
b. Sleepless
c. Alive
d. Awake
Use Conjunction
Câu hỏi đang hỏi “conscious” là gì. Các bạn để ý người ta đang nối Conscious với Unconscious bằng chữ “OR” (coordinating conjunction). Vậy có thể tạm hiểu hai chữ này có nét nghĩa đối lập! Lại nữa, các bạn thấy có “THAT IS” (adverbial conjunction). Chúng ta sẽ tạm hiểu sau THAT IS là phần bổ nghĩa cho câu phía trước. Đọc một chút lại thấy cụm “AWAKE” và “ASLEEP” nối với nhau bằng chữ OR. Vậy có thể tạm hiểu hai chữ này có nét nghĩa đối lập. Và chúng giải thích cho 2 từ phía trước.
Từ đây suy ra CONSCIOUS là: thinking occurring to you when you are awake. Còn UNCONSCIOUS là thinking occurring to you when you are asleep. Đáp án là câu D.
Vậy khi phán đoán nghĩa của một từ, các bạn chú ý LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTION) xung quanh từ đó nhé. Đặc biệt là:
- or/but: nối hai từ hoặc cụm từ với nét nghĩa trái.
- however/nevertheless/nonetheless: hai ý tưởng trái ngược.
- similarly/likewise/in the same manner: hai ý tưởng giống nhau.
- That is/ That is to say/Meaning/i.g. (that is)/In other words: giải nghĩa
- Look at the expression ‘positive reinforcement’ in the passage. Positive reinforcement might take the form of:
a. A gift
b. A reward
c. A bribe
d. A penalty
Use Example
Ở câu này hỏi Positive Reinforcement là gì. Các bạn thấy phía sau cụm từ này có ví dụ (SUCH AS)) như lời khen, đồ ăn, tiền. Đây toàn là những điều tích cực. Vậy từ đây ta loại được câu C (của đút lót) và D (hình phạt). Còn lại A và B.
Một dữ kiện khác đi kèm là Positive Reinforcement này nó làm nhiệm vụ là “effective in promoting good behavior” (hữu hiệu trong việc khuyến khích hành vi tốt. Vậy thì chúng ta sẽ chọn B (phần thưởng, tặng vì một lý do nhất định) thay vì A (món quà, tặng không vì lý do gì).
Vậy khi đoán nghĩa của một từ chúng ta có thể nhìn vào ví dụ về “tập hợp con” của nó. Chú ý một số từ nối như:
- For example, for instance
- E.g. (for example)
- Such as
Summary
Structural Clues:
i. Find the word in the passage:
ii. Locate any structural clues
- Restatement: or, that is, in other words, i.e.
- Examples: such as, for example, e.g.
- Punctuation: comma, parentheses, dashes. Relative clues
iii. Read the part of the passage after the structural clue carefully
iv. Eliminate any wrong answer and choose the best answer from the remaining choices
Giờ chúng ta thử làm qua một số bài tập từ dễ đến khó nha! Các bạn nhớ học từ vựng nhé.
Exercise 01
The hardest parts of your body are not your bones, as you might expect, but your teeth. Bone is very hard, but it cannot cope with years of cutting and chewing. To eat your food, you rely on enamel – the mineral coating your teeth that is so hard that it can last a life-time.
What does “enamel” in the paragraph mean?
A. Teeth
B. Bones
C. A mineral
D. A tooth
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Bone (n) /boʊn/ xương
- Expect (v) /ɪkˈspekt/ mong đợi
- Cope (v) with /koʊp/ đối phó/chịu đựng
- Chew (v) /tʃuː/ nhai o
- Rely (v) on /rɪˈlaɪ/ trông cậy vào
- Mineral (n) /ˈmɪnərəl/ khoáng chất
- Coat (v) /koʊt/ bao phủ
- Last (v) /læst/ kéo dài
Exercise 02
Unlike us, many mammals are nocturnal, which means that they are active by night and sleep through the day. Long ago, the first mammals moved about under the cover of darkness to escape predatory dinosaurs. Many of the smaller mammals have remained nocturnal, and mammalian predators, such as foxes, are active at night in order to catch them.
What does “nocturnal” mean in the paragraph?
A. Active by day
B. Active by night
C. Sleep through the day
D. Sleep through the night
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Mammal (n) /ˈmæməl/ động vật có vú
- Active (a) /ˈæktɪv/ chủ động/hoạt động
- Escape (v) (from) /ɪˈskeɪp/ trốn thoát
- Predatory (a) /ˈpredətəri/ kẻ săn mồi
- Remain (v) /rɪˈmeɪn/ duy trì
- Nocturnal (a) / nɑːkˈtɜːrnl/ hoạt động về đêm
- In order to để/ nhằm để
Exercise 03
The tasks of an assistant for any of the above counselling careers are many. They may include helping a client get benefits such as health or life insurance; examining tax return to see if the client is eligible for federal aid such as welfare or food stamps; or arranging transportation for a patient to get to group meetings, adult day care programs, or doctor’s appointments.
What do “benefits” mean in the paragraph?
A. Money
B. Health
C. House insurance
D. Food stamps
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Assistant (n) /əˈsɪstənt/ trợ lý
- Counsel (v) /ˈkaʊnsəl/ cố vấn
- Career (n) /kəˈrɪə/ sự nghiệp
- Insurance (n) /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ bảo hiểm
- Examine (v) /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ kiểm tra
- Tax (n) /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ thuế
- Eligible (a) for /ˈelɪdʒəbəl/ đủ khả năng pháp lý để làm gì
- Aid (n) /eɪd/ giúp đỡ o Arrange (v) /əˈreɪndʒ/ sắp xếp
- Appointment (n) /əˈpɔɪntmənt/ cuộc hẹn
Exercise 04
Erosion from over-farming the land cause millions of acres to be withdrawn from production. Further, the use of chemical fertilizers, which was increased greatly between 1950 and 1984, had an adverse, or harmful, effect on water supplies.
What does “adverse” mean in the paragraph?
A. Chemical fertilizer
B. Endangered
C. Effect
D. Hazardous
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Cause (v) / kɒːz/ gây ra
- Production (n) /prəˈdʌkʃən/ sự sản xuất
- Increase (v) /ɪnˈkriːs/ tăng lên
- Adverse (a) /ˈædvɜːs/
Exercise 05
Tunisia is the smallest country in the North Africa. It lies between Algeria and Libya. On the North is the Mediterranean Sea. The Northern part of the country contains very fertile soil while the Southern area is very dry. The two areas are separated by the Atlas Mountains.
What does “fertile” mean in the paragraph?
A. Soil
B. Hot
C. Cool
D. Nutritious
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Contain (v) /kənˈteɪn/ chứa
- Separate (v) /ˈsepərət/ tách ra
- Soil (n) /sɔɪl/ đất
- Mediterranean (n) /ˌmedətəˈreɪniən◂/ Địa Trung Hải
Exercise 06
The teddy bear is a child’s toy, a nice soft stuffed animal suitable for cuddling. It is, however, a toy with an interesting history behind it. Theodore Roosevelt, or Teddy as he was commonly called, was president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He was an unusually active man with varied pastimes, one of which was hunting. One day the president was invited to take part in a bear hunt; and inasmuch as Teddy was president, his hosts wanted to ensure that he caught a bear. A bear was captured, clanked over the head to knock it out, and tied to a tree; however, Teddy, who really wanted to hunt a beat, refused to shoot the bear, and, in fact, demanded that the bear be extricated from the ropes; that is, he demanded that the bear be set free.
The incident attracted a lot of attention among journalists. First a cartoon – drawn by Clifford K. Berryman to make fun of this situation – appeared in the Washington Post, and the cartoon was widely distributed and reprinted throughout the country. Then toy manufacturers began producing a toy bear which they called a ‘teddy bear.’ The teddy bear became the most widely recognize symbol of Roosevelt’s presidency.
Questions
1. According to line 1, what is teddy bear?
a. A ferocious animal
b. The president of the US
c. A famous hunter
d. A plaything
2. Look at the word pastimes in paragraph 2. This word could be best replaced by
a. Past occurrences
b. Previous jobs
c. Hunting trips
d. Leisure activities
3. The word “cartoon” could be described as
a. A newspaper
b. A type of teddy bear
c. A drawing with a message
d. A newspaper article
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Stuffed /stʌft/ (a) nhồi bông
- Suitable for /ˈsuːtəbəl/ (a) phù hợp
- Cuddle /ˈkʌdl/ (v) ôm nựng
- Common /ˈkɒmən/ (a) thông dụng
- Varied /ˈveərid/ (a) đa dạng (theo một cách thú vị)
- Take part in (v) tham gia
- Capture /ˈkæptʃə/ (v) bắt
- Ensure /ɪnˈʃʊə/ (v) đảm bảo
- Tie /taɪ/ (v) trói
- Refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/ (v) từ chối
- Demand / dɪˈmænd/ (v) ra lệnh
- Set free (v) trả tự do
- Attention /əˈtenʃən/ (n) sự chú ý
- Situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/ (n) sự việc/tình huống
- Make fun of (v) cười nhạo
- Widely /ˈwaɪdli/ (adv) rộng rãi
- Distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/ (v) phân phối
- Manufacture /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃə/ (v) sản xuất hàng loạt
- Recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ (v) nhận ra
- Symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ (n) ký hiệu
Exercise 07
A supernova occurs when all of the hydrogen in the core of a huge star is transformed to iron and explodes. All stars die after their nuclear fuel has been exhausted. Stars with little mass die gradually, but those with relatively large mass die in a sudden explosion, a supernova. The sudden flash of light can then be followed by several weeks of extremely bright light, perhaps as much light as twenty million stars.
Supernovae are not very common; they occur about once every hundred years in any galaxy, and in 1987 a supernova that could be seen by the naked eye occurred in the Magellan Cloud, a galaxy close to the Milky Way. Scientists periodically detect supernovae in other galaxies; however, no supernovae have occurred in the Milky Way (the galaxy that includes Earth) since 1604. One very impressive supernova occurred in the Milky Way on July 4, 1054. There was a great explosion followed by three months of lighted skies, and historical chronicles of the time were full of accounts and unusual explanations for the misunderstood phenomenon – many people believed that it meant that the world was coming to an end.
Questions
1. A ‘supernova’ in line 1 is which of the following
a. The iron component of a star
b. The core of a star
c. The hydrogen in a star
d. The explosion of a star
2. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the “Magellan Cloud”?
a. A galaxy inside the Milky Way
b. A cloud composed of hydrogen
c. A galaxy near Earth’s galaxy
d. A cloud in the sky above the Earth.
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Occur /əˈkɜː/ (v) xảy ra
- Core / kɔːr/ (n) lõi
- Huge /hjuːdʒ/ (a) khổng lồ
- Transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ (v) chuyển hóa
- Explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/ (v) nổ
- Exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ (a) kiệt sức
- Mass /mæs/ (n) khối lượng
- Gradually /ˈɡrædʒuəli/ (adv) chậm rãi
- Relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ (adv) tương đối
- Sudden /ˈsʌdn/ (a) đột ngột
- Extremely /ɪkˈstriːmli/ (adv) rất
- Perhaps /pəˈhæps/ (adv) có lẽ
- Naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ (a) trơ
- Impressive /ɪmˈpresɪv/ (a) đầy ấn tượng
- Phenomenon /fɪˈnɒmənən/ (n) hiện tượng
- Come to an end (v) kết thúc
Suffix Clues
Từ vựng trong tiếng Anh còn được cấu thành bởi Suffix (tiền tố và hậu tố). Bằng cách thêm một số suffix vào một từ nhất định. Bạn có thể có một nét nghĩa khác với một từ mới. Ví dụ “understandL là hiểu đúng không? Chúng ta thêm tiền tốt “mis-” vào phía trước. Và “misunderstand” là “hiểu nhầm.”Một ví dụ khác, cũng understand kết hợp với hậu tốt “-able” chúng ta có từ mới là understandable (có thể hiểu được).
Bằng việc tìm hiểu về tiền tố hậu tố (suffix), chúng ta có thể đoán được hầu hết nét nghĩa của từ. Tuy nhiên, SUFFIX nhiều vô thiên lũng. Thầy học cả 1 năm đại học mà chỉ sơ sơ được thôi. Trong bài này, chúng ta sẽ cố gắng xem qua những SUFFIX hay được sử dụng nhất nhé.
Example
Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, St. Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring Lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language the lower middle class.
Questions
1. Look at the word reporter in the passage. This word indicates
a. A formal word for report
b. A machine that report
c. A person whose job is reporting
d. A newspaper
REPORTER có hậu tố “ER” – chỉ người. Vậy trong 4 đáp án chỉ có mỗi đáp án C là chỉ người thôi. Ta sẽ chọn đáp án này.
2. Look at the word misspelled in the passage. This word is closest meaning to
a. Highly improper
b. Incorrectly written
c. Quite vulgar
d. Extremely long
“MIS” mang nghĩa là “sai / nhầm / không đúng.” Và trong 4 đáp án chỉ có mỗi đáp án B là mang nét nghĩa “viết sai.” B chính là đáp án cho MISSPELLED (viết sai).
A shortlist of word parts
Dưới đây là một số SUFFIX hay xuất hiện trong bài đọc. Các bạn có thể tham khảo. Bạn có thể bỏ qua phần này nếu thấy nó khó/không hữu dụng :D!
- Word Part
- Meaning
- Example
- Meaning
- Contra
- Against
- Contrast
- Against
- Dic
- Say
- Dictate
- Say
- Mal
- Bad
- Malcontent
- Bad
- Domin
- Master
- Dominant
- Master
- Mis
- Error
- Mistake
- Error
- Jud
- Judge
- Judgment
- Judge
- Sub
- Under
- Subway
- Under
- Mor
- Death
- Mortal
- Death
- Dec
- Ten
- Decade
- Ten
- Spec
- See
- Spectator
- See
- Multi
- Many
- Multiple
- Many
- Terr
- Earth
- Territory
- Earth
- Sol
- One
- Solo
- One
- Ver
- Turn
- Divert
- Turn
- Tri
- Three
- Triple
- Three
- Viv
- Live
- Revive
- Live
- Mall
- Wrong
- Malfunction
- Wrong
- Inter
- Meet
- Intersection
- Meet
Cùng làm một số bài tập nhé.
Exercise 01
Plants and animals live in communities. Communities need space. They need enough room to provide a habitat or home to population of all species. Many of the rare and endangered species in the world are in danger simply because they have no place to live. Their habitats have been turned into cities and farms.
Questions
What does the word “endanger” mean in the paragraph?
A. Rare
B. Animals
C. Dangerous
D. Harmed
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Community (n) /kəˈmjuːnəti/ (n) cộng đồng
- Provide (v) /prəˈvaɪd/ cung cấp
- Habitat (n) /ˈhæbətæt/ môi trường sống
- Population (n) /ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən/ dân số
- Species (n) /ˈspiːʃiːz/ giống loài
- Rare (a) /reə/ quý hiếm
- Danger (n) /ˈdeɪndʒə/ nguy hiểm
Exercise 02
Family abuse occurs when a person commits abusive or violent acts against a family member. Family members include any biological or foster family members. Sometimes the term family violence is used interchangeably with family abuse. The term domestic violence is also sometimes used to mean any violence occurring in the home. However, in this book, domestic violence will refer specifically to partner abuse. The word maltreatment is also frequently used to refer to acts that are either violent or abusive.
Questions
What does the word “interchangeably” mean?
A. Can be changed each other
B. Extended Family
C. Nuclear Family
D. Can be replaced for one another
What does the word “maltreatment” mean?
A. Treat somebody wrongly
B. Wrong medicine
C. Abusive parents
D. Partner abuse.
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Commit (v) /kəˈmɪt/ cam kết/dồn tâm huyết vào cái gì
- Abusive (a) /əˈbjuːsɪv/ ngược đãi
- Include (v) /ɪnˈkluːd/ bao gồm
- Violent (a) /ˈvaɪələnt/ bạo lực
- Domestic (a) /dəˈmestɪk/ trong gia đình/nội
Exercise 03
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese-born explorer who is credited with the exploration of the coast of what is today the state of California. Sketchy military records from the period show that early in his career he served with the Spanish army from 1520 to 1524 in Spain’s quest for subjugation of the people in what are today Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala.
Little is known of his activities over the next decades, but apparently he succeeded in rising up through the ranks of the military; in 1541, he was ordered by Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish ruler of Mexico, to explore the Western coast of North America. Cabrillo set out in June of 1542 in command of two ships, the San Salvador and the Victoria, he reached San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and claimed the terrain for Spain. The peninsula where he landed is today named Cabrillo Point in his honor; the area has been established as a national monument and park, and local residents each year hold a celebration and reenactment of Cabrillo’s landing.
From San Diego, Cabrillo continued northward for further exploration of the spectacular California coastline. By November 1542, he had reached as far north as San Francisco Bay, although he missed the entrance of the bay due to huge storm. Soon after, with the approach of winter, he veered south and turned back to Mexico. He made it as far south as the Channel Island off the coast of what is today Santa Barbara. Cabrillo, who died on San Miguel Island in the Channel Islands, never made it back to Mexico.
Questions
1. The word “subjugation” is closest in meaning to
a. Religion
b. Flag
c. Control
d. Agreement
2. Look at the word ‘decades’ in paragraph 1. This word is closest in meaning to
a. Months
b. Centuries
c. Long epoch
d. Ten-year periods
3. The word ‘terrain’ is closest in meaning to
a. Land
b. Population
c. Minerals
d. prosperity
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Explore /ɪkˈsplɔː/ (v) khám phá
- Coast / koʊst/ (n) bờ biển
- Military /ˈmɪlətəri/ (n) quân đội
- Record /ˈrekɔːd/ (n) bản lưu trữ
- Serve /sɜːv/ (v) phụ vụ
- Apparently /əˈpærəntli/ (adv) rõ ràng
- Succeed in /səkˈsiːd/ (v) thành công
- Order /ˈɔːdə/ (v) ra lệnh
- Reach /riːtʃ/ (v) đạt đến
- Claim /kleɪm/ (v) tuyên bố
- Establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ (v) tạo lập
- Monument /ˈmɒnjəmənt/ (n) tượng đài
- Resident /ˈrezɪdənt/ (n) dân
- Celebration /seləˈbreɪʃən/ (n) sự tổ chức
- Spectacular /spekˈtækjələ/ (a) mãn nhãn
- Entrance /ˈentrəns/ (n) cửa vào
- Prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/ (n) sự thịnh vượng
Exercise 04
Checks and balance are an important concept in the formation of the U.S. system of government as presented in the Constitution of the United States. Under this conception of government, each branch of government has built-in checks and limitations placed on it by one or more different branches of government in order to ensure that any one branch is not able to usurp total dominance over the government. Under the Constitution, the United States has a tripartite government, with power divided equally among the branches: the presidency, the legislature, and the judiciary. Each branch is given some authority over the other two branches to balance the power among the three branches.
An example of these checks and balances is seen in the steps needed to pass a law. Congress can pass a law with a simple majority, but the president can veto such a law. Congress can then counteract the veto with a two-thirds majority. However, even if Congress passes a law with a simple majority or overrides a presidential veto, the Supreme Court can still declare the law unconstitutional if it finds that the law is contradictory to the guidelines presented in the Constitution.
Questions
1. The expression ‘dominance over’ is closest in meaning to:
a. Understanding of
b. Dispute over
c. Authority over
d. Rejection of
2. Look at the word tripartite in the passage. This word suggest that something is
a. Divided into three
b. Totally democratic
c. Powerfully constructed
d. Evenly matched
3. Look at the word counteract in the passage. This word is closest in meaning to
a. Vote for
b. Debate
c. Surpass
d. Work against
4. “Contradictory to” is closest in meaning to which of the following expressions?
a. In agreement with
b. Opposite to
c. Supported by
d. Similar to
Vocabulary
Now find the meaning of these words/phrases
- Concept /ˈkɒnsept/ (n) khái niệm
- Formation /fɔːˈmeɪʃən/ (n) sự tạo lập
- Present /ˈprezənt/ (v) trình bày/đề cập
- Branch /brɑːntʃ/ (n) nhánh
- Limitation /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/ (n) hành động giới hạn
- Be able to (v) có khả năng
- Total /ˈtəʊtl/ (a) tổng cộng
- Authority /ɔːˈθɒrəti/ (n) giới chức trách
- Balance /ˈbæləns/ (n) sự cân bằng
- Majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/ (n) phần đông
- Contradictory /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/ (a) mâu thuẫn
- Guideline /ˈɡaɪdlaɪn/ (n) hướng dẫn
- Reject /rɪˈdʒekt/ (v) từ chối
- Dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/ (n) cãi cọ
- Construct /kənˈstrʌkt/ (v) thành lập
- Debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ (v) cuộc tranh luận
- Surpass /səˈpɑːs/ (v) vượt qua
- In agreement with /əˈɡriːmənt/ (a) đồng thuận
Context
Và cuối cùng là sử dụng ngữ cảnh. Đây là cách được sử dụng nhiều nhất khi các bạn làm bài đọc. Để hiểu cụ thể hơn chúng ta cùng phân tích ví dụ sau nhé:
In a government election, the incumbent generally has a strong advantage over a newcomer. A person who is already in office and thus has a certain degree of prominence has a better chance of being elected than does someone who is unknown to the electorate. History has shown a strong proclivity in elections at all levels of government to return the incumbent to office.
Example 1
An “incumbent” in line 1 is most likely:
A. A special type of election
B. A political party
C. A beneficial comment
D. A current office-holder
Incumbent thì có lợi thế hơn là newcomer (người mới đến, từ dễ). Vậy chúng ta có thể đoán ra Incumbent có nét nghĩa như “ma cũ / người cũ / người đã làm việc lâu năm có kinh nghiệm.” Đáp án là câu D.
Example 2
The word ‘prominence’ in the passage. This word is closest in meaning to which of the following:
A. Fame
B. Timeliness
C. Youthfulness
D. Penalty
Prominence là gì mà người đã làm việc sẽ có nhiều hơn. Và có nhiều hơn sẽ dễ được bầu cử hơn? Trong 4 đáp án chỉ có FAME (tiếng tăm) là hợp lý nhất. Đó cũng chính là đáp án.
How to do it:
1. Find the word in the passage
2. Read the sentence that contains the word carefully
3. Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning
4. Choose the answer that the context indicates
Giờ chúng ta cùng làm qua một số bài tập nhé.
Exercise 01
The black widow is the most dangerous spider living in the United Stated. It is most common in the southern parts of the country, but it can be found throughout the country. The black widow got its name because the female has been known to kill the male after mating and, as a result, becomes a widow. The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has a shiny globular body, the size and shape of a pea, and is marked on its underbelly with a red or yellow spot. The female is considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times larger on the average. If a human is bitten by a black widow, the spider’s poison can cause severe illness and pain. Black widow bites have occasionally proved deadly, but it is certainly not the norm for black widow bites to be mortal.
Vocabulary
1. The word ‘widow’ means
a. A type of poison
b. The dead male spider
c. The human victim of the spider
d. A female whose mate has died
2. The word “ample” in line 7 indicated that the spider is
a. Feminine
b. Large
c. Dotted with colors
d. normal
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Mate /meɪt/ (v) giao phối
Widow /ˈwɪdəʊ/ (n) của sổ
Distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ (a) đặc biệt
Appearance /əˈpɪərəns/ (n) vẻ ngoài
Shape /ʃeɪp/ (n) hình dáng
Considerably /kənˈsɪdərəbli/ (adv) đáng kể
Roughly /ˈrʌfli/ (adv) xấp xỉ
on the average /ˈævərɪdʒ/ (adv) trung bình
Norm /nɔːm/ (n) bình thường
Exercise 02
Tornadoes occur throughout the world, but for reasons that scientists are not fully able to discern, the great majority occur in the United States. Approximately 700 tornadoes a year occur within the United States, and this comprises three-quarters of the worldwide total. Most of the US tornadoes take place in the Southern states that border the Gulf of Mexico.
In general, a tornado cuts a path of a few hundred yards and lasts less than an hour an average tornado might propel itself at a speed of 15 or 20 miles per hour and therefore cover a distance of 0 or so miles. Tornadoes, however, can be much worse than average. The most devastating tornado on record occurred on March 18, 1925, in the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. The path of this tornado was more than 200 miles long and a mile wide. Traveling at an average speed of 60 miles per hour, the winds at the center of the storm swirled around at considerably more than 200 miles per hour. A total of 689 people, and countless more were injured, at the hands of this killer storm.
Vocabulary
1. The word ‘discern’ most likely to mean:
a. Understand
b. Disadvantage
c. Remove
d. Disagree
2. The word “propel” could best be replaced by:
a. Move
b. Develop
c. Destroy
d. Inhibit
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “devastating”?
a. Described
b. Delicate
c. Destructive
d. Determine
4. The word ‘swirled’ is closest in meaning to
a. Decreased
b. Rose
c. Settle
d. Circled
Vocabulary
Now find the meaning of these words/phrases
- The great majority of /məˈdʒɒrəti/ (det.) phần lớn
Approximate /əˈprɒksəmət/ (a) xấp sỉ
Comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/ (v) bao gồm
Worldwide /ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd/ (adv) khắp thế giới
Take place (v) diễn ra
Countless /ˈkaʊntləs/ (a) vô số
Injured /ˈɪndʒəd/ (a) bị thương
Exercise 03
Faced with serious threats to its future, the company is taking steps to improve its outlook. The company has brought in a new crop of trainees to staff some of its empty positions. In addition, the company has created a new committee to research various proposals and has appointed a key member of its management team to chair the committee.
Questions
1. The word steps could be best be replaced by
a. Stairs
b. Walks
c. Actions
d. Footprints
2. The word crop could be understood as:
a. A kind of plant
b. a plant that is grown in large quantities
c. making smaller
d. a group of people
Vocabulary
Now find the meaning of these words/phrases
- pose a threat to / poʊz/ (v) đe dọa đến
Outlook /ˈaʊtlʊk/ (n) quan điểm
Staff /stɑːf/ (n) nhân viên
Empty /ˈempti/ (a) trống rỗng
Position /pəˈzɪʃən/ (n) vị trí
Research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ (n) nghiên cứu
Various /ˈveəriəs/ (a) đa dạng
Proposal /prəˈpəʊzəl/ (n) lời đề nghị
Management /ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ (n) sự quản lý
Exercise 4
The ‘piece of eight’ was the nickname of the Spanish “peso”, which was the rough equivalent of the American dollar in early America; the peso was accepted coin in much of the Americas, particularly during the period when the stores of Spanish ships were regularly stripped by pirates on the waters off the Americas and “redistributed” throughout coast towns.
The nickname “piece of eight” derived from the fact that the peso was equal to eight “reals” and therefore had the numeral 8 stamped on it. The “piece of eight” was sometimes actually cut into pieces, or bits, and one popular size was one-quarter of a ‘piece of eight,’ or two bits. As a consequence, the U.S. quarter of a dollar is sometimes referred to today as two-bits, particularly in the western part of the country. A visitor to that area, if told “it’ll be two-bits,’ should take it that the price of an item is being given.
Questions
1. The word “rough” is closest in meaning to
a. Unsmooth
b. Mean
c. Approximate
d. Heavy
2. Look at the word stores. It could mean:
a. Departments
b. Markets
c. Shops
d. Supplies
3. Look at the expression ‘take it’ in the passage. This expression could best be replaced by
a. Hold
b. Understand
c. Possess
d. Grab
4. Look at the phrase ‘derived from’. It could be best replaced by:
a. Explains
b. Comes from
c. Different from
d. Distinguish between
Vocabulary
Try to analyze the modifiers (relative clause and adverbs) in the paragraph above. Then find HOW TO PRONOUNCE and HOW TO USE these words:
- Equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ (a) tương đương
Particularly /pəˈtɪkjələli / (adv) cụ thể
Regularly /ˈreɡjələli/ (adv) thường xuyên
Derive from /dɪˈraɪv/ (v) bắt nguồn từ
Equal /ˈiːkwəl/ (a) công bằng/bằng/tương đương
Actually /ˈæktʃuəli (adv) thật ra/thật sự
As a consequence of /ˈkɒnsəkwəns/ (n)là hậu quả của
take something seriously/lightly (v) xem thường cái gì
Application: Đoán Nghĩa Từ Vựng
Chúng ta cùng làm qua một số bài tập dưới, vận dụng tất cả các “chiêu thức” chúng ta học nãy giờ nhé!
Exercise 01
The life span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-five years. Of course, an elephant can perish from a number of “unnatural causes”; e.g.., it can be killed by hunters, most probably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from diseases that spread throughout an elephant herd, or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies the inadequate supply of water. If, however, an elephant survives these disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties.
Around this age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last set of teeth is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain adequate nourishment. In old age, elephants tend to search out a final home where there is shade for comfort from the sun and soft vegetation for cushioning. The bones of many old elephants have been found in such places.
Questions
1. Look at the word perish in paragraph 1. Another word is closest in meaning to it is:
a. Die
b. Sleep
c. Go away
d. Be sick
2. The word “unnatural” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
a. Wild
b. Violent
c. Domesticated
d. Abnormal
3. The word “drought” in paragraph 1 means:
a. A drowning
b. A lack of food
c. An inadequate supply of water
d. An overabundance of animals
4. Which of the following could be used to replace the word “survives” in line 6?
a. Rises to
b. Succumbs to
c. Denies
d. Live through
5. The word molar in paragraph 2 means:
a. Teeth
b. Tusk
c. Legs
d. A loss
6. “malnutrition” is used to describe a condition related to
a. Good health
b. Illness
c. Poor eating
d. Dental problems
7. The phrase “a final home” is closest in meaning to
a. A place to die
b. A comfortable house
c. A place for sale
d. The only remaining place to live
8. The word “shade” in line 10 is closet in meaning to
a. Color
b. Heat
c. Diminished light
d. A front porch
Exercise 02
Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the method by which they are derived. The most basic class of vaccines actually contain disease-causing microorganism that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies.
Examples of this type of vaccines are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera. A second type of vaccine contains the toxin produced by the microorganism rather than the microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccines is prepared when the microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within the microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when toxins are released from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensure.
A final type of vaccine contains living microorganism that have been rendered harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.
Questions
1. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?
a. Vaccines provide immunity to specific disease.
b. Vaccines contain disease-causing microorganisms
c. Vaccines are derived in different ways
d. New approaches in administering vaccines are being developed.
2. How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. Five
3. The word ‘administer’ probably means:
a. Transfuse to the body
b. Put new blood into the body
c. Give medicine to somebody
d. Provide something
4. The word ‘influenza’ is closest meaning to:
a. A house
b. A type of vaccine
c. A disease
d. A doctor
Exercise 03
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the Earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon cover part of the Sun; on the other hand, in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; and in a total eclipse, the Sun is complete covered by the Moon. It seems rather is improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could complete block out the tremendously immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens.
Although the Moon is considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a rate of about .6 kilometers per second.
Questions
1. This passage mainly
a. Describes how long an eclipse will last
b. Give facts about the moon
c. Explain how the Sun is able to obscure the moon
d. Inform the reader about solar eclipse
2. In which type of eclipse is the Sun obscured in its entirety?
a. A partial eclipse
b. An annular eclipse
c. A total eclipse
d. A celestial eclipse
3. The word ‘ring’ in line 3 could best be replaced by
a. Piece of gold
b. Circle
c. Jewel
d. Bell
4. A ‘celestial body’ in line 5 is most probably found:
a. Within the Moon’s shadow
b. Somewhere in the sky
c. On the surface of the Sun
d. Inside Earth’s atmosphere
5. What is the meaning of ‘block out’ :
a. Square
b. Cover
c. Evaporate
d. Shrink
6. According to the passage, how can the Moon hide the Sun during a total eclipse?
a. The fact that the Moon is closer to Earth than the Sun makes up for the Moon’s smaller size
b. The Moon can only obscure the Sun because of the Moon’s great distance from the Earth
c. Because the Sun is relatively close to Earth, the Sun can be eclipsed by the Moon
d. The Moon hides the Sun because of the Moon’s considerable size
7. The word “relative” could best be replaced by:
a. Familial
b. Infinite
c. Comparative
d. Paternal
8. The passage states that which of the following happens during an eclipse?
a. The Moon hides from the Sun
b. The Moon is obscured by the Sun
c. The Moon begins moving at a speed of .6 kilometers per second
d. The Moon shadow crosses Earth
9. The word ‘rate’ s closet in meaning to
a. form
b. speed
c. distance
d. rotation
Summary: Đoán Nghĩa Từ Vựng
Vậy chúng ta có thể đoán nghĩa của một từ bằng cách:
- Xem xét dấu câu, mệnh đề được cung cấp xung quanh.
- Sử dụng SUFFIX (tiền tố, hậu tố).
- Và nghiên cứu ngữ cảnh được sử dụng của từ.
Và đó là tất cả của bài đoán nghĩa từ vựng. Các bạn thấy bài viết này hữu ích thì hãy kết nối với LearningEnglishM qua kênh Youtube nhé.
đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng. đoán nghĩa từ vựng.